Welcome to my birding blog - first launched 12th March 2012...
Saturday 29th June ff
Tale of the Frog and the King
Saturday 29th June 2013
An afternoon visiting 2 YWT sites I had never been to before. Firstly I found my way down the narrow lane to Burton Leonard lime quarries in search of orchids but not expecting any real rarities. The display of common spotted orchids was impressive. But the most impressive sight was a group of bracket fungi on a fallen tree as I descended into the quarry bottom. The individual fungi were the size of car tyres.
I found this spike not yet fully opened and wondered what it was.
I realised this was pyramidal orchid not yet fully open. Also in shot is some quaking grass. I began to spot more pyramidals.
The displays of common spotted at Burton Leonard.
Like the above, some forms were quite short and dainty...
...others strong and lush.
The preserved entrance to one of the old kilns.
Next I drove to Bishop Monkton railway cutting YWT. Strangely, having found the cutting I couldn't find the way in!! There was little evidence that it is often visited as the entrance is down an overgrown path...
The old LNER bridge looking north beyond the reserve.
Here there were also orchids to be found, and not only common spotted. I bent down to look at a very small common spotted plant and saw...
...common twayblade next to it!
A feature of many of the common spotteds was a very dark, almost black, flower stem.
Other plants were in flower too. The tufted vetch vicia cracca grew well but it isn't easy to portray how well it looks en masse.
I believe this is hedge woundwort stachys sylvatica.
A speckled wood butterfly rested by the path.
Sunday 30th June 2013
At home in the garden I climbed a ladder to photograph our eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. niphophila or snow gum which was in full flower.
As were our cultivated dactylorhiza.
This group of common spotted orchids also flowers well in the woodland area.
Much more of a horticultural 'man-made' plant is this splendid iris flower.
In the afternoon we went to Tophill Low again in search of the elusive purple heron. The reserve was busy and we never saw the bird. However, there were other things of interest. Firstly we watched marsh frogs - it's amazing the noise they can make! I'd never seen or heard them before.
A four spot chaser dragonfly perched close by the hide at North Marsh.
Reed warblers chased round the reedbed.
The biggest thrill came when this male kingfisher came and perched outside the hide.
Railway orchids
Tuesday July 2nd 2013
Since my wife is beginning to think I am 'losing it' mentally, then what happened when I went to Colton to photograph some orchids Barry had found only goes to prove she is right. I went. I took plenty of photos and went home, all done in under an hour. Problem: no card in the camera!!
I went back 2 days later. Between the two railway lines, on a north facing bank between the two bridges at SE 541432 are a wealth of orchids. I couldn't find any on the other banks either to the side of the main bank or across the road on the south facing side. Just this field of treasures...
Common spotted orchid
Lollipops! - pyramidal orchid
Something really special: Bee orchid
...and you can watch the trains go by too!
Inner turmoil
Thursday 4th July 2013
I drove north having booked an 8 o'clock sail to Inner Farne in the hope of seeing the bridled tern.
A great black-backed stretches before flying off from Seahouses harbour.
An eagle owl patrols a hotel to deter the gulls. His deterrent factor has a hollow ring!!!
Birders queue up hopefully...
It ended up being one of the most disappointing of days, as I shall explain. We were allowed on the jetty at Inner Farne as the island doesn't open to the public until 13.30. We were told that from 12 noon we would have to go back on the boat and stay offshore until 13.30. But that's not what happened. Someone decided to take us back to Seahouses for 'loos and snacks' [real reason: to fill the boat up]. In many ways that was all very well. The cruel irony however was that we didn't see the bridled tern during the morning session or during the afternoon session but it came onto the rocks whilst we were back at Seahouses at lunchtime. And it didn't wait for our return! Outcome: lots of not particularly gruntled birders. Gruntled being the opposite of disgruntled which meant I spent the afternoon wading through a positive tide of disgruntlement!
Still, the birds were wonderful. I thought my photos were a little disappointing too when I first scanned them but, as I worked through all 800 and odd, I found some really nice images. So, forget the bridled tern, here come the other terns, common, arctic and even the odd sandwich if you look carefully...
Whilst flying you sometimes get an irresistible itch...
Fancy a sandwich? [Can you spot him?]
Puffins were numerous.
Cormorant conference in the channel between Inner Farne and West Wideopen.
A seal hauled up onto the beach by the jetty.
This tern kept diving in at the same spot. The photos are in chronological order from different dives - all the same bird.
Sometimes when preening you can't quite reach the spot you want to tidy up...
Let's see if we can catch one of those guillemots that keep hurtling past.
Or a puffin maybe...
This bird caused some confusion and was briefly considered as a roseate tern. Admittedly the plum red is much darker than on the other arctics...
At this juncture we boarded our boat 'Glad Tidings' which turned out to be another cruel barb. We passed the guillemot laden cliffs...
...and rafts of puffins...
...and I snapped Bamburgh Castle in the distance.
Intermission
During this time I got another memory card out of Tiggy, saw the tern come up on the pager and waited for the boat to leave packed with the merry tourist throng.
Back on Inner Farne we scanned for the bridled tern.
No.
No.
No joy anywhere. The bird had flown. I walked up the path a short way and was skull-tapped 3 times by angry arctics. The pain they inflict is much exaggerated!
The birds will rebuke you noisily for coming too near the nests that line the path.
'Bringing home the bacon' - well, you know what I mean!
Something disturbed the kittiwake colony.
A female eider came wandering downhill out of the vegetation above the rocks.
An arctic waited to reclaim the jetty.
It was time to go. A ringed plover flew in as our boat arrived.
Puffins were still busy fishing for sandeels.
We passed guillemots that were sitting on the water.
I only saw this single razorbill all day.
A fulmar flew past us.
Time to say goodbye to the puffins.
The ABC of birding
Sunday 7th July 2013
Barry and I set off at 8am for Alkborough Flats. We met some roe deer on the path to the hide near the old car park.
Eventually they decided to run for it!
We saw a ruddy shelduck and some blackwits. A reed bunting was singing his heart out as we headed back to Tiggy.
Then we headed for Blacktoft - a long drive but only a minute or two for a marsh harrier!
Avocets posed at Marshland.
The young avocets seemed to be doing well. It was a hot day - 26 degrees at least.
Avocets are very quick to attack any possible predator. A great black-backed gull came over; not especially close to the pool.
You wouldn't want that jabbed up your back end, now would you?!
As we walked back a magpie was reading about tree sparrows.
Where next to escape the heat? Cold Hiendley reservoir?
Week commencing 23.06.13
What a beautiful noise!
It's a beautiful noise
And it's a sound that I love
And it makes me feel good
Like a hand in a glove
Yes it does, yes it does
What a beautiful noise
Neil Diamond
Barry and I went off early to avoid the rain that was forecast, heading for Tiln near Retford. We hoped to see a melodious warbler [the beautiful noise in question] and we did see it by 9am, off and on, but we heard it wonderfully. Unfortunately in the windy conditions it was understandably reluctant to perch up for the camera. Later we headed for Blacktoft where, lacking anything else to photograph, I clicked away at some herons. Cast: 4 herons. Processed, I got some quite dramatic images, I think.
For a proper account of our day, see Musical Birdwatching on http://barryjohnbishop.blogspot.co.uk/. Oh yes, Barry, we did get our 55 birds in the end!
Birds, butterflies, orchids, flowers and a fly!
It's been a good week!
Firstly a photo I found on my iphone I should have included a while back! Whilst in Wales earlier I wanted to tell my wife I had seen the butterfly orchid. So, that evening back at my mother-in-law's with my phone I photographed my camera back and emailed this from my iphone. Unusual isn't it?!
Suppose I didn't expect to see another butterfly orchid for a long time...
Back in England I went off bright and early on Tuesday 25/6 to Tophill Low in search of a purple heron. Never found it! However the flowers and birds were good and it was a lovely day.
A family of reed warblers came really close as did a group of highly active sedge warblers.
Looks like an immature damselfly.
I had put my Nikon 4500 in my pocket to photograph any orchids I saw.
Found quite a few bee orchids.
An almost white common spotted.
Over near Watton NR were some marsh orchids. Spot-free leaves!
Ox-eye daisies...
...and an umbellifer. Taken with the little nikon I rather like this image. Deliberately taken into the light.
There were 4 favourite images in this posting: #1
I moved on to Wharram Quarry. No marbled white butterflies and no sign of bee orchid or pyramidal orchid. Too early for the latter? Plenty of common spotted.
I was pleased to find common twayblade that I hadn't found there before...
...and what to me is a clean-leaved marsh orchid.
There were lots of male common blues.
Eventually I tamed a female!
I even spotted a dingy skipper...
...and lots of small heath butterflies.
This common spotted was pretty well pure white.
Next on the list would be a trip to Bempton Cliffs RSPB. It's still Tuesday by the way!!
There were quite a few puffins on the cliffs plus guillemots and razorbills.
Double-take!
Favourite #2
More puffins.
Loving kittiwakes.
On the walk to Staple Newk I found the marsh orchids I had admired the previous year. Particularly lush and rich deep colouring.
And finally, inevitably, I had to photograph the gannets. I find the patterning on immature birds very photogenic.
Don't squash the youngster!!
Favorite #3
Still Tuesday! You can pack a lot in at this time of year if you start early.
I had wanted for some time to go to find Ellerburn Banks on the fringes of Dalby Forest. I hoped to see fly orchid but, given the late spring, it would all be a matter of judicious timing. Better known as guesswork!
I went on Tuesday. Finding it wasn't easy. It isn't really advertised. In fact the young man at the forest drive toll office hadn't a clue what I was talking about. Or he pretended he hadn't...
There is a road that says it leads to a sawmill just before the toll entrance to the forest drive. About 200m before it. Go down this entrance and park on the left just after the sawmill gateway. [Cue: sawmill photo!]
Follow the track straight ahead uphill, over the rise and as you descend and the view opens out you should see the entrance to YWT Ellerburn Banks. It's about 400m from the small parking area.
I wandered around, searching. Soon found common spotted.
Rock rose helianthemum nummularium grew well on the steeper banks round the field edge.
Eventually I found fly orchids. Some were protected with wire netting - presumably from rabbits etc. I did find one spike that had been broken off completely.
Fly orchid extravaganza!
Favourite #4
Imagine my surprise! Bonus orchid: greater butterfly orchid!
Tuesday now over and still home for 5.30pm!
Thursday 27th June. Started on Filey Brigg where I had wonderful views in the scope of an adult drake surf scoter in Filey Bay. Then went to Wykeham Forest raptor watchpoint to find many changes. It's become a shale gas fracking centre. Slightly alarming but no doubt we do need the gas to supply our energy needs. However we [there were about 10 of us there] did see goshawk, turtle dove in flight and an obliging tree pipit perched up in front of us off and on all day long.
Here he is.
So it's a 5 tick blog plus a lifer orchid.
237 2013 UK
Saturday 15th June - Friday 21st June
Research & Planning
Saturday 15th June 2013
I had to take my mother-in-law back to Abersoch on the 15th of June but managed to slip out in the afternoon to a North Wales Wildlife Trust site I had located whilst researching North Wales orchids. It's called Caeau Tan y Bwlch, near Clynnog Fawr just off the A499 at SH 431488. Actually owned by Plantlife but looked after jointly by the National Trust and NWWT.
As I left the tiny car park a willow warbler was calling excitedly telling the other birds the year's first visitor had arrived. It felt like I was. Rather distant: I had the macro lens on!
Took some finding along very narrow lanes but it was worth it. Chimney Sweeper moths, common spotted orchids not yet in flower and then I found my first ever Greater Butterfly orchid: also not in flower quite...
Soon I found a group of plants. One spike was nearly open.
Then a spike that was almost fully open further down the slope.
Close up of the 'butterfly'.
The view north overlooks Dinas Dinlle, the airport for Caernarfon and across the water to Anglesey in the background.
Sunday 16th June 2013
So on Sunday I was to head back to York calling at a few more planned sites. My first call was at Conwy RSPB to see if anything was about. Apparently along the estuary path and circular walk there were bee and marsh orchids to be seen. So I decided to do the long circular walk. I saw a lot of bright black-tailed godwits. Eventually I was thrilled to spot a bee orchid.
This small plant was similar sized to the ones I've seen at Wharram and Bishop Middleham. Red valerian centranthus ruber showed its variability beautifully along the estuary embankment.
Later I found more bee orchids - really tall plants. The tallest by some way that I had ever seen. I lay down beside them, elbows as a tripod!
A rather ragged common blue gave me a lovely sharp image.
Walking inland from the estuary I came across a small marsh orchid.
In fact there were dozens of them. Richly coloured, lush specimens.
A baby rabbit lingered nearby apparently unafraid.
Back aboard Tiggy I headed for Maes Hirradug SJ 061794, another NWWT reserve known for orchids including butterfly orchids. I didn't find the latter but I soon found lots of common spotted orchids and a common blue butterfly.
Then I was delighted to find common twayblade. Lots of them.
On a few of these flowers on this ultra close-up you can just see why they are said to be like little men.
Twayblade means 'two blade' as the flower spikes arise from between two strong leathery leaves. I tried to show them amongst the thick vegetation where they were growing.
Onwards and, well, downwards actually, to the seaside at Gronant near Prestatyn. [One of my late father's jokes: 'Prestatyn. No, not that one. Press the other one.' We holidayed there 58 years ago!] The little tern colony is best accessed from near Presthaven caravan park. To avoid a very long walk from east of the railway line I asked the man on the caravan complex gate if there was any chance of parking nearby. He directed me to a place inside the complex. This saved me about 2.5 miles walk. Three cheers for Presthaven!
I wasn't expecting orchids but I found hundreds of marsh orchids everywhere.
The camera struggles to capture the depth and richness of the colour.
House martins were all around me fetching mud from a flash among the dunes.
Sea holly eryngium maritimum formed impressive clumps. Not in flower the leaves make for an almost sculptural effect.
Yellow-rattle [rhinanthus minor] grew there too.
Skylarks were singing one minute, carrying food the next. [Or the other way round!]
The trek across the dunes was intended to get me close to the little tern colony. Over the next rise and - I didn't believe it - another dune system. This must be one of those places where the coastline is growing. Eventually I heard them distantly.
Certainly I had never seen little terns in this number before.
I walked along the sand staying well out from the colony itself which is fenced and guarded 24/7. It looks like a concentration camp. Beacon Ponds is nothing like this place!!
One went right over my head. Fast fliers: it's really difficult to swing a 400mm lens around, get a focus lock and take a picture!
Here's a sequence from that visit.
The concentration camp!
Keep out!!
Monday 17th June: York Birds of Prey, Huby
My wife was keen to go to see the new centre that had just opened as this was where the owls had come from to visit her on her birthday.
Here are some photos from that visit. It provides a wonderful opportunity to get up close to birds you would otherwise only see from afar.
Great grey owl
Peregrine
Barn owl
Golden eagle
Harris hawk
Tuesday 18th June 2013
Blacktoft for the afternoon. Lots of beardies bustling about. Spotted redshanks a bit too distant for the camera. Looking very black still.
Photographing avocets isn't something I've always been satisfied with. I liked some of these images whilst the birds were walking amid the short reeds near the hide at Marshland.
Black-headed gulls were squabbling, fighting even...
...but when a heron needed to be chased off they acted as a group.
Friday 21st June 2013
I wanted to get out but the weather was against me. Perhaps I misunderstood the forecast but I headed for Bridlington only to be forced to turn back by thick fog/mist along the coast. Tophill Low was better but still drizzly. The camera stayed in the car as I walked to Watton NR in the hope of catching turtle doves on the wires. I failed but did see two little gulls, an LRP and lots of orchids including common spotted and marsh orchid. I was especially pleased to find quite a few bee orchids too.
As for birds, it seems the summer quiet spell has arrived quite early even with a later spring and there is very little about. But the Micawber in me tells me something's bound to turn up soon!
Saturday 8th June - Wednesday 12th June 2013
Lighthouse to Little Ringed Plover
A rather disparate set of photos from 11 different locations. Thought of having a competition for a better title...
So I'll start bright and early at about 8am on Saturday June 8th at Point Lynas on Anglesey, having left York at 4.20am.
I was thrilled to see a spotted flycatcher pair in the dell as I walked up to the Point...
...and then I was surprised by a large pale brown bird that hurtled past me and landed on the approach wall.
Mistle thrush of course.
Out on the Point a birder was watching the odd manx shearwater and gannet go by. The 3 shearwaters I saw with my bins were my first tick of the trip. [It's a bit of a climb so I had decided to take camera and bins only on this walk. Right decision as it turned out.] Some choughs flew in.
Sea pink or thrift clothe the cliffs: Armeria maritima
As do sea campion: silene uniflora. The black is the sea in the little bay below.
A chough came closer.
We hadn't noticed the other chough in the dip. Eventually the pair flew off.
Back at the car this patch of scarlet pimpernel anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis caught my eye.
Next stop would be Cemlyn Bay. Lots of sandwich terns, a few common terns and the big prize: an adult, pink flushed roseate tern - scoped by all the birders who had clustered on the shingle bank. Tick number 2.
I had a memorable encounter with a car full of women on a birding holiday. They had lost the rest of their party. I put them back in touch with their group and we watched the sandwich terns from the shingle bank. I drove on to my third stop on Anglesey at the fish dock. Pleasingly, 5 black guillemots were present.
This one had a crab.
Another early start on Sunday June 9th but this time from Llanengan and only a short drive to Porth Ysgaden SH218375. Arrival 8am after 7.30 departure this time. I spent a most amazing hour seawatching. I had amazing views in the scope of at least 100 manx shearwaters - probably 10 times my previous life total! I could see their eyes!! Gannets too and guillemots, with mergansers and other gulls. Didn't spot any skuas or sooty shearwaters but I was very happy. A female wheatear proved reluctant to pose.
Rock pipits were chasing round the headland and down on to the... rocks!
A pied wagtail was bringing food.
There were choughs here too.
A linnet looked on.
Eventually I moved on. Heading down the road towards Porth Meudwy I came across a buzzard on a telegraph pole. In Wales they should call them pole birds.
Short of cash and no cash machine nearby I had to forgo the chance of a day trip to Bardsey and decided to head for the hills and go back to the Glaslyn RSPB osprey site to see the ospreys and photograph the Welsh Highland Railway, in particular a train crossing the Pont Croesor.
The only RSPB site with its own railway station!
I finished my day at one of my favorite places, Cilan NT. Choughs were on a mission and didn't linger.
Meadow pipits were busy gathering food for their young.
The nest was close by a stand of foxgloves digitalis purpurea ['purple fingers'. The German for foxglove is Fingerhut or 'finger hat'. Each language following a similar theme.]
My time was mainly spent chasing butterflies: one particular species but many of them on the wing and, in the breeze up on Cilan, not pausing for long. Here are my better efforts at the Small Heath butterfly.
Finally I called at the pond - much fuller than usual - and saw an expanse of water forget-me-not, myosotis scorpioides.
Monday 10th would be the return trip to York. I got up early as is my wont at this time of year and headed for Pwllheli. I started in the marina. I had spent the whole weekend, given the good weather, experimenting again with different camera settings. Most pictures in this blog were taken at ISO 250 f18 and just a few at f16 with correspondingly slow shutter sppeeds. Quite successful but there were a few occasions when I should have realised I needed to get the shutter speed up considerably. Still it's all part of the learning process.
The crow was taken at 1/50th - far too slow but I got away with it.
The heron was enjoying the morning light. [f18 1/100th]
I drove round the boatyards and came across some pretty blue flowers that made me stop and get the camera out of Tiggy's boot. Viper's-bugloss or echium vulgare.
It was then that I realised I was being watched.
I scraped my foot on the gravel to see what he would do. To my surprise he began to run towards me!
He paused, front feet in the air.
I walked down to the other end of the marina towards the Cob Bach reedbed LNR across Embankment Road from the marina. The same heron followed me down. Looking back into the sunlight.
A shelduck demonstrated just how shallow the water was on the pool...
...and a robin landed on the railing at the viewpoint.
Shelduck family party.
I could hear reed warblers in the reeds behind me. A singing bird was perched in view but immediately dropped out of sight. I decided to wait and see if he would sing again. Really tricky to get a view unobstructed by the reeds.
Tuesday 11th June: the pager announced 2 little stints at the new St. Aidan's RSPB reserve. By the time I had arrived they had been transformed into sanderlings! However, with only my iphone I was pleased to photograph the early marsh orchids. Might go back to take some better pictures.
Wednesday 12th June: Last Lap!
Wharram Quarry: just a couple of weak growing common spotted orchids - spring still running very late. I spotted this snail on a dead hawthorn stem.
No butterflies. I headed for Jeffry Bog YWT. Chased a day-flying chimney sweeper moth for about 40 minutes! First for me.
Orchids and butterflies were proving a disappointment. I headed for Fen Bog YWT. Oblong-leaved sundew drosera intermedia.
The North York Moors railway runs alongside Fen Bog. A Stanier 'Black Five' was heading for the seaside.
Finally I ended up at Scaling Dam. Met a local birder who introduced me to a pair of birds he knew very well. You see, this is the female LRP. Note the slight mottling/greying behind the eye. This is probably not diagnostic just a feature of this individual.
Another view.
Purists may frown [they enjoy frowning!] but I have tidied this image. Compare with the one below!
Off she went. It was change-over time. The male arrived.
You see, the birder knew which was which because he knows all about the male because...he's ringed. [Aren't all LRPs!!]
Close-up of the male. Less grey mottling but still a bit.
Tuesday 4th June 2013ff
Depth of field test and Hawnby Crags
Tuesday 4th June 2013 morning
In the garden during the morning in excellent light I tried some flower photos at f18, hoping for good depth of field.
Trillium erectum
Clematis 'Marjorie'
Allium sp.
Fly on euphorbia flowers
Commercial break!!
Can't remember if I advertised the latest Yorkshire Bird report for 2011. Just out last month and available from all good bird reserves... price £12.95 Oh, I almost forgot! Includes 5 photos taken by me.
Tuesday 4th June 2013 afternoon
Needed to be around at home in the morning but in the afternoon I went off to Hawnby Hill [north of Helmsley] to look for the Duke of Burgundy. Couldn't find him anywhere but suspect I needed much more info. I climbed up to Hawnby Crags [300m] and exhausted my inadequate heart completely. The views were terrific.
Looking back towards Hawnby village
I met a meadow pipit near the summit cairn. He was obliging enough to pose for a moment. Since I saw no other walkers I guess people, including dukes, were not a frequent sight.
Looking east towards the coast
On the walk back I looked up to the line of crags I had walked along.
In the car park a pair of spotted flycatchers were busy.
Just in case you don't know the Duke of Burgundy is a rare butterfly I have not yet encountered. I'll keep looking!
Definitely not according to plan!
Thursday 6th June
As part of my depth of field experiment all photos today were taken at f18 with shutter speeds varying from 1/50 to 1/160. I'm impressed I can hand hold steady enouugh to get this degree of sharpness...
Heading off for the day to explore some new sites around Market Weighton. Started at North Newbald Becksies YWT. No sign of marsh orchid. All very lush and overgrown. Whitethroat and blackcap present. Small reserve: 10 minutes is sufficient to survey. Then on to Rifle Butts YWT: also overgrown and not looking a likely site for anything choice but I may be wrong... I headed for Kiplingcotes. Having parked I checked the pager: 4 black terns at Pugney's, Wakefield. Moment's thought then change of plan.
Reached Pugney's: lots of dinghies on the water. Terns had left as the boats launched a few minutes earlier. Now what? Decided to go to Old Moor as I had read that there were southern marsh orchids there. Having asked at reception I soon found orchids but on my way I bumped into a couple of dingy skippers.
Southern marsh orchid
Little colour variation; unspotted leaves. Quite tall and lush growing.
Smaller, slightly paler inflorescence but still tall.
Water mint mentha aquatica
Bog bean menyanthes trifoliata
Damselflies everywhere. Usual plan: photograph first, identify later! Much easier. So thrilled to find I had pictures of Azure damselflies - my first photos of this species. Here they are.
Azure damselflies
Common blue damselfly
A four-spot chaser appeared.
Flag iris iris pseudacorus
Ragged-robin lychnis flos-cuculi
Red clover trifolium pratense 
Pond skater and diving beetle - need further work...
Where next, I wondered. So I headed for Brockadale. Never been before. Lots [and I mean liots] of brimstones and some orange tips: all zipping along. Saw rock rose helianthememum nummularium
A cluster of dandelion seed heads caught my eye...
...as did a swarm of speedwell flowers. [Germander speedwell veronica chamaedrys]
After that the pager announced a black tern at St. Aidan's RSPB, the new reserve at Swillington Ings. I typed in the postcode and off we scampered. I came, I saw and I concurred: black swan tick after all!
More news before too long. Off to import mother-in-law to Yorkshire from Wales to bring her to meet her latest great-grandson.... [and get some Welsh birding in while I'm at it!]
230 UK 2013